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Differences Between Lithium Metal and Lithium Ion Batteries
Lithium Metal Batteries: These batteries contain metallic lithium and are generally non-rechargeable. Commonly, they are used to power devices like wristwatches, smoke detectors, and key fobs.
Lithium Ion Batteries: These are rechargeable and are used in a wide range of applications, including smartphones, laptops, portable power tools, and electric vehicles (EVs).
Both types of lithium batteries are classified as dangerous goods and are subjected to similar regulatory requirements.
Challenges in Shipping Lithium Ion Batteries
Unlike the commonly used alkaline batteries around your home, lithium batteries contain a flammable electrolyte and have a high energy density. Under certain conditions such as short circuits, water contact, or physical damage, they can overheat and ignite. These risks make stringent regulations and carrier restrictions necessary. These requirements apply throughout the shipping process, from pickup to final delivery. Companies involved in the shipping process, including truckers, warehousing storage companies, and container freight stations, must be experienced and certified to handle such dangerous goods.
Shipping Methods for Lithium Ion Batteries
Yes, lithium ion batteries can be shipped via both ocean and air freight. However, ocean freight is generally preferred for international shipping due to the types and weights of the batteries and the stringent restrictions on air transport.
Standalone lithium batteries are prohibited as cargo on passenger flights. They can be shipped via cargo aircraft if packed to specified standards to prevent short circuits. Typically, this involves individual battery packaging and a secondary outer packaging designed to prevent short circuits.
Booking Shipments for Lithium Ion Batteries
Booking shipments can indeed be challenging due to varying restrictions among carriers and also depending on the mode of transportation. Experienced freight forwarders who understand these carrier-specific regulations can significantly ease the process. Working with a knowledgeable forwarder with strong carrier relationships and an understanding of operating guidelines is invaluable for overcoming these difficulties. Large-volume shipments can pose additional problems, such as the need for numerous trailers, chassis, and DG-certified drivers – tasks that demand detailed coordination and planning.
Documentation Requirements for International Shipping
Shipping lithium ion batteries internationally involves meticulous documentation. One key document is the Dangerous Goods Declaration, detailing the type of cargo and its associated hazards. The precise UN Code is essential as it determines the applicable regulations. Providing the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for the product is often necessary.
Additionally, lithium batteries undergo factory tests to ensure their ability to withstand heat, vibration, and other factors. The US Department of Transportation (DOT) mandates that manufacturers and distributors provide “test summaries” to carriers, a requirement enforced globally by the International Maritime Organization (IMO).
Packaging Requirements
Packaging generally takes place at the manufacturing facility with a focus on preventing shifts during transit or short circuits. Shippers must be certified to pack dangerous goods to meet all regulatory standards. Specific packaging requirements include:
- Using non-metallic inner packaging to enclose the cell or battery completely and separate each from electrically conductive materials.
- Ensuring the batteries are packed securely to prevent any possibility of shifting that could cause damage.
- Securely fastening EV batteries contained within vehicles or equipment.
- Utilizing heavy-duty shrink wrap and plastic covers, especially when shipping through regions with adverse weather conditions like monsoon rains.
Special Marking and Labeling
Proper marking and labeling on outer packaging are crucial. This includes indicating the cargo type, applying the Class 9 lithium battery label, UN DG identification number, the names and addresses of the shipper and recipient, and other necessary markings. These must be durable, legible, and able to withstand various environmental conditions.
Published Guidelines
There are specific guidelines published for the shipment of lithium ion batteries:
- For air transport – the IATA Lithium Battery Shipping Regulations Manual.
- For ocean transport – the International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code accessible via the IMO website.
- For the US DOT – the Lithium Battery Guide for Shippers.
Additionally, the "Guidelines for Safe Transport of Lithium Ion Batteries in Containers" is another useful reference document.
Insurance Coverage
Additional insurance coverage is advisable for lithium ion battery cargo due to the higher risks involved compared to general cargo. There's the potential hazard of fire, which not only endangers the lithium cargo but also the adjacent cargo, increasing liability.
Partner Selection for Lithium Ion Battery Shipping
Given the complexities involved in shipping lithium ion batteries, choosing the right 3PL or freight forwarder is critical. An experienced provider can prevent issues such as carrier rejection due to improper documentation or packaging, which can delay your supply chain and disappoint your customers. More critically, they can help you avoid significant liability risks arising from potential in-transit accidents.
Conclusion
In conclusion, partnering with a knowledgeable and experienced shipper, like Dimerco Express Group, ensures efficient and compliant shipping of lithium batteries and other dangerous goods, reducing risks and safeguarding your supply chain.
For further assistance with your battery shipping needs, contact Dimerco to arrange a detailed discussion.